Current Issue : July - September Volume : 2012 Issue Number : 3 Articles : 8 Articles
Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between the Trp64Arg polymorphism in the beta3-adrenergic receptor\r\ngene (ADRB3: rs4994) and BMI and serological and anthropometric data in healthy Japanese. Methods. Healthy Japanese recruited\r\nin a large-scale integrated manufacturing facility in Japan (N = 1355; age: 37.25 �± 9.43; BMI: 22.86 �± 3.46) were eligible for\r\nanalysis. The anthropometric data and serological data were measured during a comprehensive health check, and a self-reporting\r\nquestionnaire was used to assess lifestyle habits (current exercise, smoking status, alcohol intake, and working style) and weight at\r\nage 20. Genotyping for the ADRB3 polymorphism was performed by PCR-RFLP method. Results. Among 1355 participants, the\r\ngenotype frequencies of the Trp/Trp, Trp/Arg, and Arg/Arg variants were 920 (67.9%), 394 (29.1%), and 41 (3.05%), respectively. In\r\nthe multivariate analysis, a multiple linear regression model in men for the adjustment of age, drinking habits, smoking habits,\r\nexercise habits, working status and serological measurements statistically showed an overall weak significance between annual BMI\r\ngain from age 20 and age, LDL or ADRB3 polymorphism. Conclusions. The level of LDL, age, and ADRB3 polymorphism (Arg/Arg\r\ngenotype) were statistically associated with annual BMI gain in Japanese men....
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic ailment that impairs the production of or response to insulin, a hormone that helps to\r\nconvert food into energy. Its complications are responsible for excess morbidity and mortality, loss of independence\r\nand reduce quality of life. Among the major cause of disablement and early death are ischemic heart disease,\r\nretinopathy, nephropathy, peripheral vascular disease and neuropathy. Insulin replacement therapy has been used in\r\nthe clinical management of diabetes mellitus for more than 85 years. As subcutaneous injection is a painful episode so\r\nvarious approaches like transdermal, pulmonary, intranasal, colon targeted delivery, oral delivery is tried as an\r\nalternative way. Among them oral delivery is the challenging one because insulin cannot administered orally due to\r\nrapid enzymatic digestion in stomach. For oral delivery various technology, formulation and various modification\r\napproaches are going on. It is high time to invent an acceptable non-invasive insulin delivery for the diabetes to\r\nimprove patient compliance and decrease the morbidity....
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia caused by relative or absolute deficiency of insulin or by resistance to the action of insulin at the cellular level. Diabetes mellitus causes disturbances in carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. Diabetes causes severe complications as like neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy, cardiovascular complications and ulceration. Diabetes mellitus is categorized into three major types, type I DM, type II DM and gestational DM (GDM). The most common symptoms are polyurea, polyphagia, polydipsia, unexplained weight loss as well as blood glucose concentration >200 mg/dl. Diabetes management involves the use of conventional measures like Oral Antidiabetic agents (OAD’s), insulin, surgical methods, Ayurvedic and herbal treatments in conjugation with diet, exercise and yoga which definitely helps in better life of diabetes patient. Diabetic patients should avoid excess intake of carbohydrates and dairy products. Changes in life style, modified diet, physical exercise and yoga have a crucial role in the management of diabetes. Thus, knowledge and practices from the indigenous systems of medicine, including Ayurveda can be harnessed for devising preventive strategies. Yogic therapy rejuvenates the pancreas which is involved with insulin release. Lifestyle modification with the help of diet and regular exercise in high-risk individuals decreases the possibility of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus....
Background: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEIs) and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs) are\r\npopular first-line agents for delaying the onset of diabetic nephropathy and diabetic kidney disease in diabetic patients\r\nwithout nephropathy and for reducing all causes of mortality in diabetic patients with nephropathy. However, long-term\r\ndata showing a reduction in mortality from all causes or renal failure in type 2 diabetes patients with undetermined\r\nnephropathy taking ACEIs/ARBs are not available.\r\nObjective: To compare renal and other causes of death between those treated and not treated with ACEIs/ARBs\r\nin type 2 diabetes patients who are non-nephropathic, nephropathic and have an undetermined nephropathy status.\r\nMethods: Type 2 diabetes patients (n = 7,946) who registered with the Thailand Diabetes Registry Project (TDRP)\r\nin 2003 were followed-up prospectively for 5 years until January 25, 2008. Baseline demographic data and diabetic\r\nnephropathy status were recorded when the patient registered in the TDRP. Living statuses were retrieved from\r\nthe database of each study site and causes of death were retrieved from the death certificates from the Bureau of\r\nRegistration Administration of Thailand.\r\nResults: There were 716 type 2 diabetic patients that died within 5 years of registration in the TPDR from all\r\ncauses of death. Of these cases, 66 died from renal causes. The mortality incidence from renal causes in undetermined\r\nnephropathy patients who were treated and not treated with ACEIs/ARBs was 1.25 and 1.30 per 1000 person-years,\r\nrespectively. After controlling for the propensity score, the competing risk analysis showed that treatment with ACEIs/\r\nARBs was not significantly associated with prevention of death from renal or other causes in type 2 diabetes patients\r\nwith an undetermined nephropathy status (HR = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.33-2.09, p-value = 0.688 for renal causes; HR = 1.26,\r\n95% CI: 0.97-1.63, p-value = 0.085 for other causes). Treatment with ACEIs/ARBs was significantly associated with the\r\nprevention of renal and other causes of death in type 2 diabetes patients with nephropathy (HR = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.25-\r\n0.95, p-value = 0.034 for renal causes; HR = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.56-0.95, p-value = 0.019 for other causes).\r\nConclusions: Treatment with ACEIs or ARBs is not necessary for everyone, especially in type 2 diabetes patients\r\nwith an undetermined nephropathy status. Healthcare services teams should screen for microalbuminuria before the\r\ntreatment of all newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients with ACEIs or ARBs....
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a worldwide growing disease and represents a huge social and healthcare problem owing to the\r\nburden of its complications. Micro- and macrovascular diabetic complications arise from excess damage through well-known\r\nbiochemical pathways. Interestingly, microangiopathy hits the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment with features similar to\r\nretinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy. TheBMrepresents a reservoir of progenitor cells formultiple lineages, not limited to the\r\nhematopoietic system and including endothelial cells, smoothmuscle cells, cardiomyocytes, and osteogenic cells. All thesemultiple\r\nprogenitor cell lineages are profoundly altered in the setting of diabetes in humans and animal models. Reduction of endothelial\r\nprogenitor cells (EPCs) along with excess smooth muscle progenitor (SMP) and osteoprogenitor cells creates an imbalance that\r\npromote the development of micro- and macroangiopathy. Finally, an excess generation of BM-derived fusogenic cells has been\r\nfound to contribute to diabetic complications in animal models. Taken together, a growing amount of literature attributes to\r\ncirculating progenitor cells a multi-faceted role in the pathophysiology of DM, setting a novel scenario that puts BM and the blood\r\nat the centre of the stage....
Background: Diabetes prevalence and body mass index reflect the nutritional profile of populations but have opposing\r\neffects on tuberculosis risk. Interactions between diabetes and BMI could help or hinder TB control in growing, aging,\r\nurbanizing populations.\r\nMethods and Findings: We compiled data describing temporal changes in BMI, diabetes prevalence and population age\r\nstructure in rural and urban areas for men and women in countries with high (India) and low (Rep. Korea) TB burdens. Using\r\npublished data on the risks of TB associated with these factors, we calculated expected changes in TB incidence between\r\n1998 and 2008. In India, TB incidence cases would have increased (28% from 1.7 m to 2.1 m) faster than population size\r\n(22%) because of adverse effects of aging, urbanization, changing BMI and rising diabetes prevalence, generating an\r\nincrease in TB incidence per capita of 5.5% in 10 years. In India, general nutritional improvements were offset by a fall in BMI\r\namong the majority of men who live in rural areas. The growing prevalence of diabetes in India increased the annual\r\nnumber of TB cases in people with diabetes by 46% between 1998 and 2008. In Korea, by contrast, the number of TB cases\r\nincreased more slowly (6.1% from 40,200 to 42,800) than population size (14%) because of positive effects of urbanization,\r\nincreasing BMI and falling diabetes prevalence. Consequently, TB incidence per capita fell by 7.8% in 10 years. Rapid\r\npopulation aging was the most significant adverse effect in Korea.\r\nConclusions: Nutritional and demographic changes had stronger adverse effects on TB in high-incidence India than in\r\nlower-incidence Korea. The unfavourable effects in both countries can be overcome by early drug treatment but, if left\r\nunchecked, could lead to an accelerating rise in TB incidence. The prevention and management of risk factors for TB would\r\nreinforce TB control by chemotherapy....
Although cellular and molecular bases of proliferative diabetic retinopathy are only partially understood, it is evident that this\r\ncomplication of diabetes is characterized by the formation of new vessels inside the retina showing abnormal architecture and\r\npermeability. This process, if not controlled by selective laser photocoagulation, leads to irreversible retinal damages and loss of\r\nvision. Angiogenesis, that is, the condition characterized by the growth of new blood vessels originated from preexisting ones,\r\nwas shown to have a major role in the pathogenesis of proliferative retinopathy and, as a consequence, intravitreal antiangiogenic\r\ninjection was suggested as a feasible treatment for this disease. Here, we describe the different antiangiogenic approaches used\r\nto treat this disease along with the respective advantages and limitations when compared to laser treatment. Altogether, even\r\nthough further and longer studies are still needed to clarify the best possible therapeutic protocol, the antiangiogenic treatment\r\nwill reasonably have a future role in the therapy and prevention of proliferative diabetic retinopathy....
Diabetic retinal complications, including macular edema (DME) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), are the leading\r\ncause of new cases of blindness among adults aged 20ââ?¬â??74. Chronic hyperglycemia, considered the underlying cause of diabetic\r\nretinopathy, is thought to act first through violation of the pericyte-endothelial coupling. Disruption of microvascular integrity\r\nleads to pathologic consequences including hypoxia-induced imbalance in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling.\r\nSeveral anti-VEGF medications are in clinical trials for use in arresting retinal angiogenesis arising from DME and PDR.\r\nAlthough a review of current clinical trials shows promising results, the lack of large prospective studies, head-to-head therapeutic\r\ncomparisons, and potential long-term and systemic adverse events give cause for optimistic caution. Alternative therapies\r\nincluding targeting pathogenic specific angiogenesis andmural-cell-based therapeutics may offer innovative solutions for currently\r\nintractable clinical problems. This paper describes the mechanisms behind diabetic retinal complications, current research\r\nsupporting anti-VEGF medications, and future therapeutic directions....
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